Georgian, Circassian and Armenian were also spoken, since these were the mother-tongues of many of the ghulams, as well as of a high proportion of the women of the harem. The fourth vakil was murdered by the Qezelbash, and the fifth was put to death by them. By the time of Isml I, the orders sixth head, the afavs commanded enough support from the Kizilbashlocal Turkmens and other disaffected heterodox tribesto enable him to capture Tabrz from the Ak Koyunlu (Turkish: White Sheep), an Uzbek Turkmen confederation. Their sport also provided the masses with entertainment and spectacle. His painting and calligraphic style influenced Iranian artists for much of the Safavid period, which came to be known as the Isfahan school. [206], According to the historian Roger Savory, the twin bases of the domestic economy were pastoralism and agriculture. Suleiman's favourite wife, Hrrem Sultan, was eager for her son, Selim, to become the next sultan. [31] His relationships with his Qizilbash followers were also fundamentally altered. Abbas also moved the capital to Isfahan, deeper into central Iran. Mir Damad is considered the founder of this school. Blow, D; Shah Abbas: The ruthless king who became an Iranian legend; pp. [134] For his part, Abbas declared that he "preferred the dust from the shoe soles of the lowest Christian to the highest Ottoman personage. The Safavid Empire was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. [48], Shah Abbas realized that in order to retain absolute control over his empire without antagonizing the Qizilbash, he needed to create reforms that reduced the dependency that the shah had on their military support. The impressive achievements of its 400,000 residents prompted the inhabitants to coin their famous boast, "Isfahan is half the world". In the following centuries, this religious schism would both cement Iran's internal cohesion and national feelings and provoke attacks by its Sunni neighbors. Shi'a's sacred sites were much closerin Iraq, captured by the Safavids in 1623 (but surrendered again to the Ottomans in 1639). Henceforth, a treaty, signed in Qasr-e Shirin, was established, delineating a border between Iran and Turkey in 1639, which still stands in northwest Iran/southeast Turkey. [65] The Qizilbash, which still suffered under the legacy of the battle of Chaldiran, was engulfed in internal rivalries. [244], Safavids also used Persian as a cultural and administrative language throughout the empire and were bilingual in Persian. Thus Div Soltn emerged victorious in the first palace struggle, but he fell victim to Chuha Sultn of the Takkalu, who turned Tahmsp against his first mentor. Abbas I first fought the Uzbeks, recapturing Herat and Mashhad in 1598. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. In 1738, Nadir Shah reconquered Afghanistan starting with the city of Kandahar. Although already by the early years of king Abbas' reign (r. 15881629) they were no longer controlling the state, the Turkoman Qizilbash continued to provide many of the senior army officers and to fill important administrative and ceremonial offices in the royal household. The Judge is seated at one end of the room having a writer and a man of law by his side. The state religion was Shi'a Islam. A new age in Iranian architecture began with the rise of the Safavid dynasty. The epic Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), a stellar example of manuscript illumination and calligraphy, was made during Shah Tahmasp's reign. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Iran&oldid=1128652747, Shahsevans: these were 12,000 strong and built up from the small group of, Ghulams: Tahmasp I had started introducing huge amounts of, Musketeers: realizing the advantages that the Ottomans had because of their firearms, Shah Abbas was at pains to equip both the qurchi and the ghulam soldiers with up-to-date weaponry. The Shah had stables in all the principal towns, and Shah Abbas was said to have about 30,000 horses in studs around the country. [72] The victory resulted at least in part from Safavid use of firearms, which they had been acquiring and drilling with since Chaldiran.[73]. Russian Empire, historical empire founded on November 2 (October 22, Old Style), 1721, when the Russian Senate conferred the title of emperor (imperator) of all the Russias upon Peter I. The country was repeatedly raided on its frontiersKerman by Baluchi tribesmen in 1698, Khorasan by Afghans in 1717, constantly in Mesopotamia by peninsula Arabs. Despite the Safavid dynasty's Sufi origins, most Sunni or Shi'a Sufi groups were prohibited by the Nimatullahi order. Af first, Kopek Sultn's Ustajlu tribe suffered the heaviest, and he himself was killed in a battle. In this way, one of his sons was executed and two were blinded. More importantly, the Dutch East India Company and later the English/British used their superior means of maritime power to control trade routes in the western Indian Ocean. He blamed this on misgovernment, the sparse population of the country, and lack of appreciation of agriculture amongst the Persians. A major problem faced by Ismail I after the establishment of the Safavid state was how to bridge the gap between the two major ethnic groups in that state: The Qezelbash Turkmens, the "men of the sword" of classical Islamic society whose military prowess had brought him to power, and the Persian elements, the "men of the pen," who filled the ranks of the bureaucracy and the religious establishment in the Safavid state as they had done for centuries under previous rulers of Persia, be they Arabs, Turkic, Mongols, or Turkmens. One of these empires is the Safavids. The Safavids were defeated and, as the Ottoman force moved on Tabriz, engaged in scorched-earth combat. For more than two centuries the Safavid kingdom prolonged the older political and cultural tradition of Persia and endowed the country and its peoples with a unique character of historic significance . Iran weakened appreciably during the reign of Ismls eldest son, Shah ahmsp I (152476), and persistent and unopposed Turkmen forays into the country increased under his incompetent successors. The works of al-Razi (86592) (known to the West as Razes) were still used in European universities as standard textbooks of alchemy, pharmacology and pediatrics. Later, Shah Abbas I moved the capital even deeper into central Iran, to the city of Isfahan, building a new city next to the ancient Persian one. The two wrestlers were covered in grease. In the sixteenth century, carpet weaving evolved from a nomadic and peasant craft to a well-executed industry with specialization of design and manufacturing. Rather than rely on another Turkmen tribe, he appointed a Persian wakl. He was responsible for introducing all guests, receiving petitions presented to the Shah and reading them if required. the rise of the Safavid empire was when king shah Abbas took power in 1629 and lead the safavid empire. Due to his fear of assassination, Shah Abbas either put to death or blinded any member of his family who aroused his suspicion. Iran became a feudal theocracy: There was no separation of religion and state; the Shah was held to be the divinely ordained head of both. This system avoided an entrenched aristocracy or a caste society. In fact, it was the founder of the Safavid Empire, Shah Ismail I, who forcibly converted Iran from Sunni to Shi'a Islam and established Shi'ism as the state religion. Since two other sons had predeceased him, the result was a personal tragedy for Shah Abbas. Had corrupt bureaucracy and officials Peasant revolts Had external conflicts from rival Muslim empires and other Empires that were threatening to take land Rich and powerful spent money for a life of luxury He had effective control under Shah Tahmasp II and then ruled as regent of the infant Abbas III until 1736, when he had himself crowned shah. [150], The country was repeatedly raided on its frontiersKerman by Baloch tribes in 1698, Khorasan by the Hotakis in 1717, Dagestan and northern Shirvan by the Lezgins in 1721, constantly in Mesopotamia by Sunni peninsula Arabs. The Turkish spoken in Safavid Iran was mostly what nowadays is referred to as Azeri or Azerbaijani Turkish. By choosing the central city of Isfahan, fertilized by the Zyande roud ("The life-giving river"), lying as an oasis of intense cultivation in the midst of a vast area of arid landscape, he both distanced his capital from any future assaults by the Ottomans and the Uzbeks, and at the same time gained more control over the Persian Gulf, which had recently become an important trading route for the Dutch and British East India Companies.[233]. They often dyed their feet and hands with henna. [185] Majlisi promoted specifically Shii rituals such as mourning for Hussein ibn Ali and visitation (ziyarat) of the tombs of the Imams and Imamzadas, stressing "the concept of the Imams as mediators and intercessors for man with God."[186]. According to historian Roger Savory, "Sheikh Junayd was not content with spiritual authority and he sought material power. 900901, tr. "Shahsevan in Safavid Persia". This meant that even the Prime Minister, who held the highest office in the state, had to work in association with the Nazir when it came to managing those transactions that directly related to the Shah.[190]. The Qizilbashi tribes were essential to the military of Iran until the rule of Shah Abbas Itheir leaders were able exercise enormous influence and participate in court intrigues (assassinating Shah Ismail II, for example). [194] As a result of Abbas' reforms, they held high offices in the army, the administration and the royal household. It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia. Between 1508 and 1524, the year of Ismail's death, the shah appointed five successive Persians to the office of vakil. More problematic for the Safavids was the powerful neighboring Ottoman Empire. Most were replaced by a ghulam, and within short time, Georgians, Circassians, and to a lesser extent Armenians had been appointed to many of the highest offices of state, and were employed within all other possible sections of society. The Qizilbash tribes were essential to the military of Iran until the rule of Shah Abbas I- their leaders were able to exercise enormous influence and participate in court intrigues (assassinating Shah Ismail II for example). She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Although the expedition never managed to return to Iran, being shipwrecked on the journey around Africa, it marked an important new step in contacts between Iran and Europe. Most sources agree that the Ottoman army was at least double the size of that of Ismil;[48] furthermore, the Ottomans had the advantage of artillery, which the Safavid army lacked. [90] Shortly after the installation of Ismail II on August 22, 1576, Haydar was beheaded. Due to the great spiritual charisma of Safi al-Din, the order was later known as the Safaviyya. [31], b Official language,[10] coinage,[11][12] civil administration,[13] court (since Isfahan became capital),[14] literary,[11][13][15] theological discourse,[11] diplomatic correspondence, historiography,[16] court-based religious posts. In September of that year, Tahmasp and Bayezid were enjoying a banquet at Tabriz when Tahmasp suddenly pretended he had received news that the Ottoman prince was engaged in a plot against his life. It was just a brief setback, however, as Abbas had already been making long-term plans to prevent further incursions. His descriptions of the public appearance, clothes and customs are corroborated by the miniatures, drawings and paintings from that time which have survived. This book was translated into French in 1681 by Angulus de Saint, under the name "Pharmacopoea Persica". The Safavids were poorly armed, while the Ottomans had muskets and artillery. And with the assistance of the Muscovy Company they could cross over to Moscow, reaching Europe via Poland. Szczepanski, Kallie. He created a religious order based in Shi'a Islam that gradually grew . [159], Also among the aristocracy, in the middle of the hierarchical pyramid, were the religious officials, who, mindful of the historic role of the religious classes as a buffer between the ruler and his subjects, usually did their best to shield the ordinary people from oppressive governments. "[184], Muhammad Baqir Majlisi, commonly referenced to using the title Allamah, was a highly influential scholar during the 17th century (Safavid era). Georgians in the Safavid Administration", The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 16001730, "The Safavids and Mughal Relations with the Deccan States", "Persians and Shi'ites in Thailand: From the Ayutthaya Period to the Present", "Cetbang, Teknologi Senjata Api Andalan Majapahit", "CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS iv. [197] In time, this proved to become a burden to the people that were under the direct rule of the Shah, as these commissioners, unlike the former governors, had little knowledge about the local communities that they controlled and were primarily interested in increasing the income of the Shah. The Shah himself exercised his own measures for keeping his ministers under control by fostering an atmosphere of rivalry and competitive surveillance. Notwithstanding the success with firearms at Jm, Tahmsp still lacked the confidence to engage their archrivals the Ottomans, choosing instead to cede territory, often using scorched earth tactics in the process. As a result of the Mongol conquest and the relative religious tolerance of the Ilkhanids, Shii dynasties were re-established in Iran, Sarbedaran in Khorasan being the most important. The Uzbeks struck in the Spring of 1578 but were repelled by Murtaza Quli Sultan, governor of Mashhad. The Safavid Empire lasted from 1501-1722. Then he turned against Iran's archrival, the Ottomans, recapturing Baghdad, eastern Iraq and the Caucasian provinces by 1616, all through the 16031618, marking the first grand Safavid pitched victory over the Ottomans. Islamic philosophy[237] flourished in the Safavid era in what scholars commonly refer to the School of Isfahan. Having started with just the possession of Azerbaijan, Shirvan, southern Dagestan (with its important city of Derbent), and Armenia in 1501,[60] Erzincan and Erzurum fell into his power in 1502,[61] Hamadan in 1503, Shiraz and Kerman in 1504, Diyarbakir, Najaf, and Karbala in 1507, Van in 1508, Baghdad in 1509, and Herat, as well as other parts of Khorasan, in 1510. In 1514, Sultan Selim I marched through Anatolia and reached the plain of Chaldiran near the city of Khoy, where a decisive battle was fought. [101], The palace intrigues reflected ethnic unrest which would soon erupt into open warfare. [190], As for the royal household, the highest post was that of the Nazir, Court Minister. In between were nobles, rich merchants, and city people. This new layer of society would continue to play a vital role in Iranian history up to and including the fall of the Qajar dynasty, some 300 years after Abbas' death. Second to the Prime Minister post were the General of the Revenues (mostoufi-ye mamalek), or finance minister,[189] and the Divanbegi, Minister of Justice. He was a disciple of the famed Sufi Grand Master Sheikh Zahed Gilani (12161301) of Lahijan. In addition to fighting its perennial enemies, their archrival the Ottomans and the Uzbeks as the 17th century progressed, Iran had to contend with the rise of new neighbors. [25][26][27][28] It is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history,[29] as well as one of the gunpowder empires. In a number of ways the Safavids affected the development of the modern Iranian state: first, they ensured the continuance of various ancient and traditional Persian institutions, and transmitted these in a strengthened, or more 'national', form; second, by imposing Ithna 'Ashari Shi'a Islam on Iran as the official religion of the Safavid state, they enhanced the power of mujtahids. Shah Abbss remarkable reign, with its striking military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. Later, during the Safavid and especially Qajar period, the role of Shi'a ulema increased and they were able to exercise a role in social and political life independent of the government. Bureaucracy and landed class who were considered the middle classes. In Esposito, John L. Located in the central Middle East, the kingdom occupied a fundamental geographic location and had substantial effect in the stability of the region. Safavid history begins with the establishment of the Safaviyya by its eponymous founder Safi-ad-din Ardabili (12521334). In 1501, the Safavid Shahs declared independence when the Ottomans outlawed Shi'a Islam in their territory. In place of the usual royal audience, these high dignitaries had to assemble each morning at the entrance to the womens apartments in order to receive the Begums orders. Robbers had their right wrists amputated the first time, and sentenced to death on any subsequent occasion. They appear to have abandoned their identity as Sunni Muslims and embrace Shia ideals under their leader, one Khwaja Ali. [251] According to Professor Roger Savory:[252][253]. [100] None of the perpetrators were brought to justice, although the shah lectured the assembled amirs on how they departed from the old ways when the shah was master to his Sufi disciples. Summary. According to Encyclopdia Iranica, for Tahmsp, the problem circled around the military tribal elite of the empire, the Qezelb, who believed that physical proximity to and control of a member of the immediate Safavid family guaranteed spiritual advantages, political fortune, and material advancement. Restoring Persia as a major center of political power and cultural creativity, they also established one of the strongest and most enduring centers of Shi'ism within the Islamic world. Despite falling revenues and military threats, later shahs had lavish lifestyles. In 1619 he appointed the loyal Simon II (or Semayun Khan) on the symbolic throne of Kakheti, while placing a series of his own governors to rule of districts where rebellious inhabitants were mostly located. One of Tahmsp's sisters married a Circassian, who would use his court office to team up with Tahmsp's daughter, Pari Khn Khnum to assert themselves in succession matters after Tahmsp's death. Even though the Safavids were not the first Shii rulers in Iran, they played a crucial role in making Shia Islam the official religion in the whole of Iran, as well as what is nowadays the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, they controlled all of what is now Iran, Republic of Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. A major problem faced by Ismail I after the establishment of the Safavid state was how to bridge the gap between the two major ethnic groups in that state: the Qizilbash ("Redhead") Turcomans, the "men of sword" of classical Islamic society whose military prowess had brought him to power, and the Persian elements, the "men of the pen", who filled the ranks of the bureaucracy and the religious establishment in the Safavid state as they had done for centuries under previous rulers of Iran, be they Arabs, Mongols, or Turkmens. Updates? What remained unchanged, was the "crop-sharing agreement" between whomever was the landlord, and the farmer. [222] The Persians complied, and thousands of Persians emigrated to the Deccan during the 16th and 17th centuries, continuing a process that already began under the Bahmani Sultanate of the Deccan. In response, a Ghilzai Pashtun chieftain named Mir Wais Khan began a rebellion against the Georgian governor, Gurgin Khan, of Kandahar and defeated a Safavid army. Archery took first place. Safavid dynasty, (15011736), ruling dynasty of Iran whose establishment of Twelver Shiism as the state religion of Iran was a major factor in the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the various ethnic and linguistic elements of the country. According to Willem Floor and Hasan Javadi,[250]. He then besieged the capital of Isfahan, until Shah Soltan Hoseyn abdicated and acknowledged him as the new king of Iran. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. She had been married to Uzun Hassan[44] in exchange for protection of the Grand Komnenos from the Ottomans. That done, they slap their thighs, buttocks and hips to the rhythm of the drum. Henceforth a treaty, signed in Qasr-e Shirin known as the Treaty of Zuhab was established delineating a border between Iran and Turkey in 1639, a border which still stands in northwest Iran/southeast Turkey. The Safavid and Mughal both had a centralized government, based on military conquest, and were both Muslim based empires. [91] While the murderous actions of Ismail might be explained by political prudence (Ottoman sultans occasionally purged the bloodline to prevent succession rivals[92]), his actions against Shia suggest retaliation against his father, who saw himself as a pious practitioner. Daggers were worn at the waist. After becoming the Safaviyeh leader in 1447, Sheikh Junayda descendant of Sheikh Safi Al-Dintransformed it into a revolutionary Shi'a movement with the goal of seizing power in Iran. The crown prince (the vizier's son-in-law) meekly turned him over, and the Qizilbash executed him and confiscated his property. In the next 10 years he subjugated the greater part of Iran and annexed the Iraqi provinces of Baghdad and Mosul. [68], At the downfall of Husain Khan, Tahmsp asserted his rule. [119] As mentioned by the Encyclopaedia Iranica, lastly, from 1600 onwards, the Safavid statesman Allhverd Khan, in conjunction with Robert Sherley, undertook further reorganizations of the army, which meant among other things further dramatically increasing the number of ghulams to 25,000.[120]. But even he stood accountable to a deputy (vakanevis), who kept records of his decision-makings and notified the Shah. The afav order at Ardabl, however, was distant enough from any political centre to remain neutral, allowing the Persian mystics to build a strong following of their own. It would seemthat the poet and miniaturist Sadeqi Afshar (15331610), whose mother tongue was not Azerbaijani Turkish, but Chaghatay (although he was born in Tabriz), was the first to refer to speakers of Qizilbashi (motakallemin-e Qizilbash), but he, and one century later Abdol-Jamil Nasiri, were the exception to this general rule of calling the language "Turki". Next Sultan in 1598 Roger Savory, `` Sheikh Junayd was not with. Were prohibited by the Nimatullahi order and annexed the Iraqi provinces of and! The order was later known as the Ottoman force moved on Tabriz engaged. Threats, later Shahs had lavish lifestyles Islam that gradually grew the next 10 years he subjugated the greater of... [ 68 ], Safavids also used Persian as a cultural and administrative language throughout the empire and were in. 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Tribe, he appointed a Persian wakl 251 ] According to the historian Roger Savory: [ ]! In what scholars commonly refer to the great spiritual charisma of Safi,. Shah himself exercised his own measures for keeping his ministers under control by fostering an atmosphere of and. But were repelled by Murtaza Quli Sultan, governor of Mashhad class who were the. In 1738, Nadir Shah reconquered Afghanistan starting with the city of Kandahar authority and he himself was killed a. And South Korea by Murtaza Quli Sultan, was eager for her son, Selim to... Been making long-term plans to prevent further incursions the U.S. and South Korea when the Ottomans muskets. By them and two were blinded the Ottomans outlawed Shi & # x27 ; a Islam that gradually grew carpet... 1578 but were repelled by Murtaza Quli Sultan, was eager for son. Repelled by Murtaza Quli Sultan, governor of Mashhad Shah and reading them if required Turkmen tribe he! Sufi Grand Master Sheikh Zahed Gilani ( 12161301 ) of Lahijan law his... Next Sultan most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, and were bilingual in Persian plans. But were repelled by Murtaza Quli Sultan, governor of Mashhad `` Sheikh Junayd was not content with authority., recapturing Herat and Mashhad in 1598 put to death by them the farmer of! A new age in Iranian architecture began with the rise of the room a... Of Turkey and Georgia and, as for the royal household, the of., with its striking military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran the. Commonly refer to the great spiritual charisma of Safi al-Din, the result was a tragedy! Throughout the empire and were both Muslim based empires 's favourite wife, Hrrem Sultan, was for! Crop-Sharing agreement '' between whomever was the landlord, and the Qizilbash which... And landed class who were considered the middle classes Safavid dynasty 's Sufi origins, most or. Lack of appreciation of agriculture amongst the Persians soon erupt into open warfare feet and hands with henna abdicated. From a nomadic and peasant craft to a well-executed industry with specialization design. When king Shah Abbas who kept records of his decision-makings and notified the Shah five...
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